Controlling the INTERNET has for a long time been the privilege of academics in the USA. However, with the evolution of the INTERNET as the world communication medium of the 21st century and the world-wide-web providing the infrastructure for business and public services in the digital era, the stakes have risen dramatically. The value of the INTERNET is nowadays considered extremely important in a number of key areas of public life ranging from business, law, local and central government to international politics. Various proposals as to who should be responsible for controlling or even policing the INTERNET have been considered and debated upon over the past few years. The issue has been raised at an unprecedented level with governments of the most powerful countries on the planet locked in serious and longstanding diplomatic negotiations as to which of the super powers should be in control. Yet the less powerful and smaller nations have repeatedly called for the establishment of an international organization to guarantee independent control of the INTERNET. This paper considers the above two proposals and attempts to answer the following questions: a) Do single countries deserve the right of having absolute control and acting as the sole guardian of the ultimate communication medium? b) Would an international organization be the answer? If so, how independent can it be and how much security can it offer to the smaller nations and the individual user? The study of each case is performed on the basis of what criteria would apply in terms of legal framework adopted, transparency of procedures and degree of acceptance of the controlling body on a world wide basis. The ultimate question raised is: can the guardian be trusted and if so how widespread this trust would be? The results of the first INTERNET GOVERNANCE forum meeting in Athens in 2006 and the aims of the second due in Rio de Janeiro in November 2007 are also discussed.

The aim of this paper is to consider whether critical rationalism has any ideas which could usefully be applied to the INTERNET.  Today we tend to take the INTERNET for granted and it is easy to forget that it was only about two decades ago that it began to be used to any significant extent. Accordingly in section 1 of the paper, there is a brief consideration of the history of the INTERNET.  At first sight this makes it looks implausible that any of Popper’s ideas could be applicable to the INTERNET, since Popper died before the INTERNET came into general use.  However, section 2 argues that Popper’s theory of World 3 does apply very well to the INTERNET.  This application is significant because, as shown in section 3, it leads to the problem of misinformation, which is one of the most significant problems generated by the INTERNET.  In section 4 there is an attempt to solve this problem using ideas taken from Popper’s epistemology. It is argued that there should be changes in education designed to prepare students for the INTERNET age. Teaching in the INTERNET age should focus on presenting to the students not just the accepted theories but also the evidence on which they are based. An illustration of how this might be done is given by considering an example from science teaching, namely the teaching of Newtonian mechanics in the last years of school or first years of university.

The variety of issues posed by the INTERNET today cannot be easily neglected by jurists and politicians. These are problems that the international community has no other way but to find appropriate solutions to. The first and most important issue faced in relation to the INTERNET, is the problem of INTERNET GOVERNANCE. The INTERNET is currently managed by the ICANN, an American company and the US is very much inclined to retain the existing situation. This paper is thus an attempt to first provide an analysis of INTERNET GOVERNANCE by ICANN and later to reveal whether International Law places any international responsibility on the US Government for activities undertaken by ICANN? In other words, whether the US Government must be accountable for activities undertaken by ICANN in the area of INTERNET GOVERNANCE? The question will be responded to by means of a thorough investigation of relevant international documents on managing the World Wide Web; these would include documents released by the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS).

The INTERNET of Things is a new generation of advances in technology that has attracted the attention of many world researchers in recent years. Since the spread of new technologies affects various facets of society, it poses many challenges for governments, making it necessary for researchers to investigate the challenges in a variety of social fields, particularly policymaking. As one of the most significant ICT trends in the coming years, this technology will bring a broad range of issues. Active exposure to this technology requires the provision of scientific and research infrastructure for policymaking. To this end, the prerequisite is to identify research agendas and research areas for the field researchers. When a new technology arrives, the primary question posed by policymaking academics is what challenges the government confronts in the safe development of this technology? Secondly, what theoretical and scientific support to better policymaking should be provided? Not only is the volume of social and policy research conducted on the INTERNET of Things not as satisfactory as a new technology, but also most studies consider the applications and study one of the dimensions of the challenges that may be facing in the future. This is while, in the first step, we need to answer the questions mentioned above, decide the research priorities, and provide researchers with a roadmap to concentrate on solving the right problems and balanced growth in this area. With a descriptive-analytical approach, and using the analytical framework and functional approach of the National Innovation System, this research aims to identify the knowledge issues of policymaking for the INTERNET of Things and direct policymaking research in this field. This study aims to examine other countries› experiences in directing their national research and innovation program using library resources and provide guidance to researchers interested in the evolving INTERNET of Things technology. Finally, the goals are categorized under the policy, structural, and technological approaches.

Recent smart city strategies are directly or indirectly related to INTERNET of Things (IoT) applications. Administrative and constitutional norms can impose motivations to introduce applications of the IoT in the public administration. The results of this paper introduce the IoT design necessities for a closer exchange between citizens and the state, namely ensuring the legal conformity of automated administrative procedures and not existing any margin of appreciation. Processing personal data in IoT applications requires that public and private institutions comply with the principles of data protection laws, namely the principle of privacy of personally identifiable information and the principle of necessity and purpose limitation. Moreover, the results show the potential of the IoT to change administration and administrative law i. e., transition of roles for humans and the public administration, opportunity creation of cooperative legislator, construction information symmetries and equity, changes in administrative procedures and structures, and redirection of human resources where they are really needed. Achieving these advantages requires a legal system that can take into account the necessary rules during the implementation of an IoT application. Germany's regulatory experience in this regard can be taken into consideration by Iranian legislators.

INTERNET Multi-stakeholder GOVERNANCE is the latest achievement of the legal doctrine on how to regulate the rules governing the INTERNET (as a clear indication of the cyberspace). After the first World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) which was held in 2003, and faced with the acceptance of governments and other stakeholders in the cyber space, it draw serious attention and became operational. In fact, the promoters of this form of global GOVERNANCE are striving using the common concepts and rules of international law to organize the field which unlike the classic international law its only active actors are not the governments, and to some extent, international organizations and this time, other stakeholders such as social groups (individuals) and companies have a major role and influence. This paper uses an analytical-descriptive method to study the role and effectiveness of each stakeholders in the future of INTERNET GOVERNANCE and the context, implications of applicable international law in this area, such as soft law, related international organizations and, finally, its existing problems and disadvantages.

As mobile, wearing technology and other IP-base connectivity systems encompass every parts of our everyday life, and more and more people are using digital technology, the impact of INTERNET GOVERNANCE on users needs to be better understood. There are many important aspects of INTERNET GOVERNANCE that can be considered in three main levels; global institute such as ICANN (The INTERNET Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers), organizational levels which are parts of bigger ecosystem and users level in the shape of emerging norms. Researches in the field of INTERNET GOVERNANCE are mostly triggering high level of INTERNET GOVERNANCE and there are lack of evidences on how decision may impact users and organizations. meanwhile, we encounter with the permeation of social media and a holistic consideration on this subject is needed. In this paper we are looking for presenting general model of INTERNET GOVERNANCE by the use of meta synthesis.

Smart cities rely heavily on technology and data to improve citizens' quality of life. However, this reliance on technology also creates significant security challenges such as cyber security threats, data privacy, interoperability and lack of necessary standards. In order to deal with these challenges and also to reduce conflicts between security and INTERNET of Things services in the smart city, it is necessary to consider initiatives. Data security GOVERNANCE is a process of ensuring data security while maintaining the efficiency and performance of the data in the areas of use. In order to use the data security GOVERNANCE of the INTERNET of Things in Houshmand city, it is necessary to identify its application areas. These areas can be calculated by considering the structure of the smart city, the INTERNET of Things, the structure and topic of data, as well as the beneficiaries of the data in the smart city. In this article, by studying different sources and using elite capacity, 4 main areas and 17 applied sub-areas of INTERNET of Things security GOVERNANCE in Houshmand city have been identified. Also, after identifying the areas, the effective factors on data security GOVERNANCE of INTERNET of Things in Houshmand city have been calculated.